Navigating Laws and Justice The Activists Behind Cannabis Legalization

The landscape of cannabis legalization in the United States has undergone significant transformation over the past decade, driven by a coalition of dedicated activists, policymakers, and public support. As of October 2025, 24 states have legalized cannabis for both medical and recreational use, while 40 states permit medical use alone. This shift reflects a broader societal change in attitudes toward cannabis, influenced by persistent advocacy and evolving legal frameworks.

One of the most notable developments occurred in May 2024, when the U.S. Department of Justice proposed reclassifying marijuana from a Schedule I to a Schedule III substance under the Controlled Substances Act. This reclassification acknowledges the medical benefits of cannabis and its lower potential for abuse compared to substances like heroin and LSD. Attorney General Merrick Garland approved the proposal, marking a historic shift in federal drug policy. While this change does not legalize recreational use at the federal level, it signifies a significant step toward aligning federal regulations with state policies and public opinion. (apnews.com)

State-level initiatives have also played a crucial role in the evolving cannabis landscape. In November 2023, Ohio voters approved Issue 2, the "Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol" initiative, legalizing cannabis for adults aged 21 and over. This measure allows adults to purchase, possess, and consume marijuana, as well as cultivate a limited number of plants at home. The initiative also established the Division of Cannabis Control within the Ohio Department of Commerce to regulate the cannabis industry. (en.wikipedia.org)

Despite these advancements, challenges persist. In May 2025, the 1st U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Boston upheld the federal ban on marijuana, rejecting a challenge from Massachusetts cannabis businesses. The court cited the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2005 decision in Gonzales v. Raich, affirming Congress’s authority to criminalize marijuana possession under the Commerce Clause, even in states that have legalized its use. This ruling underscores the ongoing tension between federal law and state-level legalization efforts. (reuters.com)

Activists have been instrumental in driving these changes. Organizations like the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) have tirelessly advocated for policy reform, public education, and the protection of cannabis consumers’ rights. Their efforts have been bolstered by increasing public support; a 2023 Gallup poll revealed that 70% of U.S. adults believe marijuana should be legal, the highest level of support ever recorded. (benzinga.com)

The National Cannabis Policy Summit, held annually in Washington D.C., serves as a platform for activists, policymakers, and industry leaders to discuss and strategize on cannabis policy reform. The 2023 summit featured prominent speakers, including Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, highlighting the growing political momentum behind legalization efforts. (en.wikipedia.org)

However, the path to nationwide legalization is not without opposition. Anti-legalization groups have intensified their efforts to halt the progress of cannabis reform. In recent elections, several states voted against legalization measures, reflecting the complex and often contentious nature of this issue. These groups employ legal, political, and social strategies to influence public perception and policy decisions, emphasizing concerns about public health and safety. (reuters.com)

At the federal level, legislative efforts continue to evolve. The Cannabis Administration and Opportunity Act, introduced by Senators Cory Booker, Ron Wyden, and Chuck Schumer, aims to decriminalize and deschedule cannabis, provide for reinvestment in communities adversely impacted by the War on Drugs, and expunge certain cannabis offenses. While the bill has yet to pass, it represents a comprehensive approach to federal cannabis reform. (en.wikipedia.org)

In December 2022, President Joe Biden signed the Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act into law, facilitating medical research on cannabis. This bipartisan legislation marks the first standalone marijuana-related bill approved by both chambers of Congress, signaling a shift toward evidence-based policy. (en.wikipedia.org)

The journey toward cannabis legalization in the United States is a testament to the power of sustained advocacy and changing public attitudes. While significant progress has been made, the interplay between federal and state laws continues to create a complex legal landscape. As activists and policymakers navigate these challenges, the future of cannabis legalization will likely be shaped by ongoing dialogue, research, and the collective will of the American people.